Beyond Technocracy : Science, Politics and Citizens

Introduction
Science-Society as a ''Clash of Civilizations?''

The introduction briefly sets the background of the book. Increasing conflicts regarding science and technology issues cannot be dismissed as a sort of ''clash of civilizations'' between a science striving to advance and a society resisting to it. Such conflicts are indeed a dramatic symptom but of a different, and perhaps more profound, challenge: how to face the increasing number of issues on matters involving science and technology with the needs of democratic participation?

Chapter One
The Technocratic Response: All Power to the Experts (with the Blessing of Well-Educated Citizens)

The shaking pillars of the traditional, technocracy response to the challenges of technoscience (delegating decision to the experts, with the blessing of citizens appropriately ''educated'' through multiplying communicative efforts to promote science) are highlighted in this chapter. Common stereotypes - e.g. scientific illiteracy on the part of the public being largely responsible for the decisional impasse on science related matters - are challenged on the basis of international empirical data and practical cases. Delegating decisions to the experts appears no longer viable due to factors like the declining perception of expertise as neutral and the experts as a homogeneous and consistent community; the role of the media in scrutinizing expert sources and policy decisions; emerging demands to be involved in such decisions on the part of citizens.

Chapter Two
Einstein has left the building: coming to terms with post-academic science

Technoscience public debates and conflicts take place within the context of a profound change in the conditions under which knowledge is produced, validated and disseminated; the differences between ''big science'' in the post-war era and contemporary post-academic science are highlighted (e.g. connection with business priorities, emerging of knowledge property issues, shift of focus from the physical to the biomedical sciences, mediatization, global dimension), together with their relations with broader forces shaping society; implications for the role of science in society are also widely discussed.

Chapter Three
Citizens in the laboratory, Scientists in the Streets

The inadequacy of a vision of ''science vs. society as a clash of civilizations'' and of a technocratic solution to dilemmas and conflicts appears inadequate in the face of the increasing trespassing of the expert/lay divide in knowledge production. Multiple examples are given of knowledge co-production forms and arenas: patient associations shaping the priorities and very content of biomedical research; expert authorities being negotiated in courts; protest movements incorporating scientific knowledge to campaign on issues related to science and technology; users participating in innovation and technology design processes. The chapter also documents some of the most recent and significant experiences worldwide, aimed at institutionalising citizen participation and balancing expert advice with the views of stakeholders and other social actors. Finally, it is shown how the presence of citizens within research laboratories is more and more paralleled by the mobilization of researchers in the public arena - when they protest against budget cuts or against state regulation of certain research fields, or simply advocate greater public concern.

Chapter Four
Choosing the World We Want: Democracy in the Age of Technoscience

How to move beyond the illusions of technocracy? (Bio)Ethical self regulation (of both users and producers of technoscience) appears both inadequate to solve the dilemmas and conflicts facing us. The final chapter argues that the challenges of contemporary technoscience requires us to rethink not just the rol