Grey Zone Conflicts in Africa : Shaping Africa’s Security Environment in the 21st Century

This edited volume examines how states, NGOs, international and local actors in Africa compete for influence on the continent by engaging in what is known as grey zone conflicts using methods and tactics that fall short of open war.

This edited volume examines how states, NGOs, international and local actors in Africa compete for influence on the continent by engaging in what is known as grey zone, conflicts using methods and tactics that fall short of open war. Drawing on examples of grey zone conflicts from across the continent, the book shows how tactics such as disinformation, cognitive warfare, cyber operations, the strategic use of private military companies, sanctions, food and infrastructure deals, and election interference are used to generate political, strategic and economic outcomes without resorting to the open use of military force. It explains these examples in clear language, linking them to Africa’s history of colonialism, liberation struggles, often fragile governance and its nature as a place of contestation for foreign powers, and to today’s wider struggle over global order and power competition. Organised in six thematic parts, the volume moves from core concepts and historical roots to detailed case studies of Russian and Chinese engagement, Western policies, regional alliances, and the battle for hearts and minds. Covering cases from the Sahel to Central Africa and beyond, this collection not only advances the global conversation on grey zone conflict but also reinforces Africa's role in shaping the future of strategic competition and contestation. This volume will be of much interest to students of hybrid warfare, military and strategic studies, African politics, and Security Studies.