Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle : Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties

Most of our knowledge about the physical structure and the chemical composition of the Earth's deep interior is inferred from seismic data.

1. Ductile Instabilities and Structural Heterogeneity in the Lower Crust.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Geological Example: Mt. Hay Region, Arunta Block, Central Australia.- 1.3. Structural Heterogeneity and Competency Contrast.- 1.4. Mechanical Instabilities: The Link Between Competency Contrast, Patterns of Deformation, and Heterogeneity.- 1.5. High Strain and the Destruction of the Structures that Record Mechanical Instabilities.- 1.6. Interpretation of Complexly Deformed Rocks: Mt. Hay Region, Australia.- 1.7. Summary.- 1.8. Appendix.- 1.9. References.- 2. Petrological Causes of Seismic Heterogeneity in the Continental Crust.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Crustal Composition and Compositional Evolution.- 2.3. Rock Properties.- 2.4. Seismic Heterogeneity of Igneous Rocks.- 2.5. Seismic Heterogeneities of Metamorphic Rocks.- 2.6. Anisotropy.- 2.7. Results from Boreholes.- 2.8. Reflectivity.- 2.9. Conclusions.- 2.10. References.- 3. Seismic Modeling of Lower and Mid-Crustal Structure as Exemplified by the Massiccio dei Laghi (Ivrea-Verbano Zone and Serie dei Laghi) Crustal Section, Northwestern Italy.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Summary of the Regional Geology.- 3.3. Deterministic Forward Seismic Modeling.- 3.4. Discussion.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 3.6. References.- 4. Comparison of Geologic and Seismic Structure of the Uppermost Fast-Spreading Oceanic Crust: Insights From a Crustal Cross-Section at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Tectonic Window at the Hess Deep Rift.- 4.3. Geology of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust at Hess Deep.- 4.4. Interpretation of Upper Crustal Geology and Implications for Processes at the EPR.- 4.5. Physical Properties of Upper Crustal Rock Units.- 4.6. Correlation of Geologic Units and Seismic Layers.- 4.7. Conclusions.- 4.8. References.- 5. A Generic Model for the 1/f-Nature of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Stochastic Nature of Fault-Induced Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.3. Generalized Model for 1/f-Scaling of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations.- 5.4. Hyperbolic Scaling in Space.- 5.5. Empirical Evidence: Joint Interpretation of the KTB Lithology and Sonic Logs.- 5.6. Conclusions.- 5.7. References.- 6. Fractures and Physical Heterogeneity in Crustal Rock.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Power Law Scaling in Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.3. Physical Analogues for Power-Law Scaling in Crustal Rock.- 6.4. Modeling Power-Law Scaling Crustal Fracture Systems.- 6.5. Discussion: Reservoir Modeling.- 6.6. Conclusions.- 6.7. References.- 7. Statistical Characterization of Spatial Variability in Sedimentary Rock.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Reproducible Statistical Features of Sedimentary Rock.- 7.3. Statistical Models for Spatial Variability.- 7.4. Comparison with Data.- 7.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 7.6. References.- 8. Multifractal Modeling and Analyses of Crustal Heterogeneity.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Construction and Properties of Multifractals.- 8.3. Multifractal Analyses of Borehole Logs and Fracture Patterns.- 8.4. Conclusions.- 8.5. Appendix.- 8.6. References.- 9. Seismic Imaging of Lower Crustal Heterogeneity.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Effects of Acquisition.- 9.3. Effects of Processing.- 9.4. Effects of the Transmission Path.- 9.5. Discussion.- 9.6. Conclusions.- 9.7. References.- 10. The Heterogeneity of the Crust and its Effect on Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Fields.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Evolution of our Perception of the Structure of the Earth''s Crust.- 10.3. Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Record Sections.- 10.4. Discussion.- 10.5. Conclusions.- 10.6. References.- 11. Heterogeneities of the Uppermost Mantle Inferred From Controlled-Source Seismology.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Studies of Lithospheric Scattering.- 11.3.Pn/SnWave Propagation.- 11.4. Modeling the Long-RangePn.- 11.5. Discussion and Conclusions.- 11.6. References.- 12. The Nature of Crustal Seismic Heterogeneity: A Case Study From the Grenville Province.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Geologic Heterogeneit...