Inclusive Governance and Marginalized Communities in South Asia : The Case of Bangladesh

Through extensive fieldwork in Bangladesh and comparisons with India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, this book reveals why policies meant to include marginalized people in South Asian local governance so often fail, becoming staged performances marked by institutional tokenism.

Inclusive Governance and Marginalized Communities in South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh confronts a South Asian governance paradox: why progressive policies for inclusive local government systematically fail to empower marginalized communities. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in Bangladesh''s Rajshahi district--where the authors interviewed Dalits, persons with disabilities, and officials, and conducted community discussions--the book reveals the ''institutional tokenism'' in participatory mechanisms such as Ward Shavas and Open Budget Meetings. Although mandated by the Local Government (Union Parishad) Act, 2009, these forums often function as staged performances wherein marginalized voices are recorded but not heard, consulted but not influential. The book identifies three intersecting barriers--elite capture, bureaucratic inefficiency, and symbolic violence--that transform inclusionary spaces into sites of exclusion. Moreover, the analysis presents comparisons with India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, highlighting shared patterns of performative inclusion despite diverse institutional architectures. Rejecting technical solutions, Panday and Ahsan argue that meaningful inclusion requires fundamental power redistribution and institutional cultural transformation. The book further introduces a diagnostic framework for adaptive inclusion that emphasizes continuous democratic learning, providing scholars, policymakers, and development practitioners with essential tools to identify and dismantle tokenism in their respective contexts.