Liberal Barbarism : The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China

In Liberal Barbarism, Erik Ringmar sets out to explain the 1860 destruction of Yuanmingyuan - the Chinese imperial palace north-west of Beijing - at the hands of British and French armies.

This work explains why British and French armies destroyed Yuanmingyuan, the imperial palace north-west of Beijing in 1860. Yuanmingyuan was the main residence of the Chinese emperors, a large collection of gardens and buildings filled with precious objects, together representing the imperial view of the world. The intellectual puzzle which the book addresses concerns why the Europeans, bent on "civilizing" the Chinese, engaged in this act of barbarism. The answer is provided through an analysis of the performative aspect of the confrontation between Europe and China, focusing on the differences in the way their respective international systems were conceptualized. The destruction of Yuanmingyuan was the European''s attempt to strike the Chinese with awe and force them to give up their way of organizing international relations. The contradictions which the events of 1860 exemplify - the contradiction between civilization and barbarism - is a theme running through all European (and North American) relations with the rest of the world, including, most recently, the US war in Iraq.