Masada Myth : Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel

Masada, an ancient desert fortress, is examined in this study as it became an ideological symbol for the State of Israel. The text looks at the way the mythical narrative of Masada was created, promoted and maintained by pre-state Jewish underground organizations and other bodies.

In 73AD, legend has it, 960 Jewish rebels under siege in the ancient desert fortress of Masada committed suicide rather than surrender to a Roman legion. Recorded in only one historical source, the story of Masada was obscure for centuries. In "The Masada Myth", Israeli sociologist Nachman Ben-Yehuda tracks the process by which Masada became an ideological symbol for the State of Israel, the dramatic subject of movies and ministeries, a shrine venerated by generations of Zionists and Israeli soldiers, and the most profitable tourist attraction in modern Israel. Ben-Yehuda describes how, after nearly 1800 years, the long, complex and unsubstantiated narrative of Josephus Flavius was edited and augmented in the 20th century to form a simple and powerful myth of heroism. He looks at the ways this new mythical narrative of Masada was created, promoted and maintained by pre-state Jewish underground organisations, the Israeli army, archaeological teams, mass media, youth movements, textbooks, the tourist industry, and the arts. He discusses the various organisations and movements that created "the Masada experience" (usually a ritual trek through the Judean desert followed by a climb to the fortress and a dramatic reading of the Masada story), and how it changed over decades from a Zionist pilgrimage to a tourist destination. Placing the story in a larger historical, sociological and psychological context, Ben-Yehuda draws upon theories of collective memory and mythmaking to analyse Masada's crucial role in the nation-building process of modern Israel and the formation of a new Jewish identity. An expert on deviance and social control, Ben-Yehuda looks in particular at how and why a military failure and an enigmatic, troubling case of mass suicide (in conflict with Judaism's teachings) were reconstructed and fabricated as a heroic tale.