Microbiology and Aging : Clinical Manifestations

This edited volume contains a collection of reviews that highlight the significance of, and the crucial role, that microorganisms play in the human life cycle and considers the microbiology of the host in different regions of the body during the aging process.

Theworld''spopulationisestimatedtoreach8. 9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder. Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe ''deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife'',butforthepurposeof this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook,themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant,andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost''s microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost''smicrobiologychangeswithageing,isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation,whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut,Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire,UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories,DiseasesandMicroorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 KnutOhlsen,SvitlanaKozytska,andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 LeslieBaumann,EdmundWeisberg,andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing. . . .