MR Enterography : Crohn's Disease and Beyond

1. Introduction (S. Mazziotti, A. Blandino, G. Cicero)

2. Small bowel Imaging (C. Booz, S. Martin, I. Yel, T. J. Vogl)

2.1 X-ray and Fluoroscopy

2.2 Ultrasound

2.3 Computed Tomography

3. MR-Enterography: Technique (T. D''Angelo, S. Mazziotti, G. Ascenti, G. Cicero)

3.1 Enteric Contrast Agents 

3.2 Patient''s Preparation and Positioning

3.3 Protocols and Sequences

3.3.1 Half-Fourier Acquisition

Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)

3.3.2 Balanced Steady-State Free

3.3.3 Pre- and Post-contrast

T1-Weighted Ultrafast Gradient Echo

3.4 Spasmolytics

3.5 Intravenous Contrast Agent

3.6 Advanced MR Techniques

3.6.1 MR Fluoroscopy

3.6.3 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

3.6.4 Perfusion (DCE-MRI)

3.6.5 Technical novelties and future perspectives

4 MR-Enterography: Anatomy (T. D''Angelo, S. Mazziotti, G. Ascenti, G. Cicero)

4.1 Normal MR Anatomy of Duodenum and Small Bowel

4.2 Normal MR Anatomy of Sphincters and Perianal Region

4.3 Anatomical changes after surgery: types of interventions and anastomosis

5 MR-Enterography intestinal findings in Crohn''s Disease (G. Cicero, S. Mazziotti, A. Blandino, T. D''Angelo)

5.1 Wall Thickening

5.2 Ulcerations

5.3 Increased Vascularity

5.4 Patterns of Wall Enhancement

5.6 Reactive Adenopathy

5.7 Mesenteric Fibrofatty Proliferation

5.8 Penetrating and Stricturing

Patterns in CD

5.8.1 Penetrating Disease

5.8.2 Fibrostenosing Disease

6 Extraintestinal Complications in Crohn''s disease: MR-Enterography findings (T. D''Angelo, S. Mazziotti, A. Blandino, G. Cicero)

6.1.1 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

6.1.2 Gallstone Disease

6.1.3 Liver Abscess

6.1.4 Portal Vein Thrombosis

6.2 Pancreatic Complications

6.3 Genitourinary Complications

6.3.2 Nephrolithiasis

6.3.3 Genitourinary Tract Fistulas

6.4 Musculoskeletal and Cutaneous Manifestations

6.5 Peritoneal Involvement

7 MR-Enterography beyond Crohn''s disease (G. Cicero, T. D''Angelo, G. Ascenti, S. Mazziotti)

7.1. Congenital anomalies

7.2 Inflammatory conditions

7.3 Benign and Malignant lesions

8. Pitfalls in MRE (T. D''Angelo, S. Mazziotti, G. Ascenti, G. Cicero)

9 MRI of the anal region in Crohn''s disease (S. Mazziotti, G. Cicero, A. Blandino, T. D''Angelo)

9.2 Technique

9.3 Perianal findings in Crohn''s disease

9.4 MRI of the anal canal beyond Crohn''s disease

10. Structured reporting (C. Booz, S. Martin, I. Yel, T. J. Vogl)

10.1 MR-Enterography

10.2 Perianal MRI

11. Clinical Cases

11.1. 25 MR-Enterography clinical cases

11.2 5 MRI perianal involvement cases