Ramaseeana : Or a Vocabulary of the Peculiar Language Used by the Thugs

William Henry Sleeman (1788–1856) was a British administrator in India who was keen to eradicate thuggees, criminal gangs who robbed and murdered travellers. He focused particularly on decoding the gangs' private communications with the help of informers and prisoners, and in 1836 published this fascinating vocabulary of their language.

Thugs, or thuggees, were members of secretive gangs that robbed and sometimes murdered travellers in India; they were also said to worship the Hindu goddess Kali. The British colonial administrator William Henry Sleeman (1788–1856) took a special interest in these gangs and mounted a campaign to eradicate them. Between 1826 and 1840 thousands of Thugs were imprisoned or hanged. The outcome of the operation was due in part to Sleeman's focus on gathering intelligence about the gangs' coded communications. This substantial vocabulary, published in 1836, was compiled from conversations with informers and interrogations of prisoners. It includes words such as adhoreea, which means an intended victim who escaped being murdered, or dhurohurkurna, which is the verb 'to strangle'. The book contains much fascinating data for linguists and historians, and includes an appendix of cases and depositions that constitutes a useful source on crime in colonial India.