Sika Deer : Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations

Sika deer, the graceful spotted deer of Japanese and Chinese art, originally were native to Asia from far-east Russia to Vietnam to the islands of Japan and Taiwan. Sika deer typically occupy lowland hardwood forests with low winter snow depths, where they thrive in sites disturbed by fire, storm, or logging.

1 IntroductionDale R. McCullough Part I Basic Biology2 Fossil Record of Sika Deer in JapanYoshinari Kawamura 3 Two Genetically Distinct Lineages of the Japanese Sika Deer Based on Mitochondrial Control RegionsNagata 4 Evolutionary Significance of Admixture and Fragmentation of Sika Deer Populations in JapanHidetoshi B. Tamate 5 Nutritional Physiology of Wild and Domesticated Japanese Sika DeerTakayoshi Masuko and Kousaku Souma 6 Endocrinology of Sika DeerKiyoshi Yamauchi and Yukiko Matsuura 7 Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Japan, with Special Reference to Kinkazan Island, Northern JapanNobumasa Ohnishi, Masato Minami, Rie Nishiya, Kotoyo Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishizuka, Hiroshi Higuchi, Azusa Nara, Masatsugu Suzuki, and Seiki Takatsuki Part II Food and Habitat Relations 8 Food Habits of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan with Reference to Local Variations, Size Effects,and Comparison with the Main IslandSeiki Takatsuki and U. K. G. K. Padmalal 9 Plants and Plant Communities on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan, in Relation to Sika Deer HerbivorySeiki Takatsuki and Takehiko Y. Ito 10 Productivity and Foraging Efficiency of the Short-Grass (Zoysia japonica) Community for Sika DeerTakehiko Y. Ito, Mariko Shimoda, and Seiki Takatsuki 11 Home Range, Habitat Selection, and Food Habits of the Sika Deer Using the Short-Grass Community on Kinkazan Island, Northern JapanTakehiko Y. Ito and Seiki Takatsuki 12 Shift to Litterfall as Year-Round Forage for Sika Deer after a Population CrashMasami Miyaki and Koichi Kaji 13 The Dynamics of Forest Stands Affected by Sika Deer on Nakanoshima Island-Change of Size Structure Similar to the Thinning EffectMasami Miyaki and Koichi Kaji 14 Biology of Sika Deer in Hyogo: Characteristics of Reproduction, Food Habits, Growth, and ConditionMayumiYokoyama 15 Bark-Stripping Preference of Sika Deer and Its Seasonality on Mt. Ohdaigahara, Central JapanMasaki Ando and Ei''ichi Shibata16 North-South Variations in Sika Deer Ecology as a Forest-Dwelling CervidSeiki Takatsuki 17 Geographical Variations in Food Habits of Sika Deer: The Northern Grazer vs. the Southern BrowserSeiki Takatsuki 18 What Is "Natural" Vegetation? A Reconsideration of Herbivory by Wild UngulatesSeiki TakatsukiPart III Behavior: Migration and Breeding Systems 19 Seasonal Migration of Sika Deer on Hokkaido Island, JapanHiromasa Igota, Mayumi Sakuragi, and Hiroyuki Uno20 Migratory and Sedentary Behavior Patterns of Sika Deer in Honshu and Kyushu, JapanTsuneaki Yabe and Seiki Takatsuki 21 Variation in Mating Behavior of Sika Deer: Mating Behaviorof Sika Deer on Nozaki IslandAkira Endo 22 Reproductive Ecology of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan: Reproductive Success of Males and Multi-Mating of FemalesMasato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, Ayumi Okada, and Seiki Takatsuki 23 Life-Time Reproductive Success of Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern JapanMasato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, Naoko Higuchi, Ayumi Okada, and Seiki Takatsuki 24 Reproduction of Female Sika Deer in Western JapanToru Koizumi, Shin-ichiro Hamasaki, Mayumi Kishimoto, Mayumi Yokoyama, Masato Kobayashi, and Aiko Yasutake Color Plates Part IV Population Dynamics and Management 25 Sika Deer in Nara Park: Unique Human-Wildlife Relations Harumi Torii and Shirow Tatsuzawa 26 A 20-Year History of Sika Deer Management in the Mt. Goyo Area, Northern HonshuSeiki Takatsuki 27 Survival Patterns of Male and Female Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern JapanMasato Minami, Nobumasa Ohnishi, and Seiki Takatsuki 28 Sika Deer in an Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Zone on the Boso