The Meaning and Interpretation of Desire in the Bible : The Semantic Study of hmd and ‘wh Word Fields

The term desire in the Hebrew Bible covers a wide range of human longings, emotions, and cravings. The direct and explicit term of desire is nevertheless limited to only two roots found in the Decalogue—the verb forms of the lexical roots חמד and אוה, which reflect not only the dynamics of desire occurring in human beings, but also in God. With an comprehensive semantic analysis and an overview of the synonyms and antonyms, the author shows that the verb form of the lexical root אוה denotes a variety of needs related to human existence including aspiration for God while the verb form of the lexical root חמד denotes the desire to acquire material wealth and possessions beyond basic needs. All the findings are compared on two levels—in relation to human beings (objects and people) and in relation to God—and ultimately serve for the interpretation of the roots in both versions of the Decalogue (Exod 20:17 and Deut 5:21) to resolve questions concerning the meaning of the desire in Tenth Commandment and substantiate whether the answers to life’s questions provided by the Bible correspond to modern society.