The Origins of Secular Institutions : Ideas, Timing, and Organization

In The Origins of Secular Institutions, H. Zeynep Bulutgil studies why some countries adopt secular institutions while others do not. Her main finding is that the timing of secular ideas and the organizational strength of secular political groups played a key role in the adoption of secular institutions. Based on cross-national statistical evidence since 1800 and in-depth analysis of selected cases in Europe and the Middle East/North Africa, the book explores how secular ideas emerged and spread, whether and how they culminated in political organizations, and the conditions under which such organizations succeeded in establishing secular institutions.

An original theory and meticulous analysis of how advocates of political secularization emerged historically and why they succeeded in some contexts but not others. Why do some countries adopt secular institutions while others do not? In The Origins of Secular Institutions, Zeynep Bulutgil develops a theory that combines ideational and organizational mechanisms to explain how institutional secularization occurs. She first focuses on why political groups with a secularizing agenda emerge. Her argument is that the circulation of Enlightenment literature among the elite and associations through which the elite could exchange ideas were the main factors that influenced the early emergence of secularizing political movements. She then turns to the conditions under which these movements succeed. Secularizing political groups are at a comparative disadvantage when it comes to recruiting grassroots support because, unlike religious actors, they cannot rely on a pre-existing institutional structure. They become likely to overcome this obstacle if they have time to build a robust organization before religious political movements emerge. Bulutgil supports these arguments by combining statistical analysis of original historical data with comparative analysis of countries in Europe (France, Spain, The United Kingdom) and the Middle East/North Africa (Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia). An authoritative explanation of why political secularization occurred in some countries but not others, this book will reshape our understanding of an issue of unsurpassed importance for over two centuries: the effects of modernity on politics.