The Rise of the Ni‘matull.h. Order : Shi'ite Sufi Masters against Islamic Fundamentalism in 19th-Century Persia

"How were the Ni‘matull.h. masters successful in reviving Ni‘matull.h. Sufism in Shi‘ite Persia? This book investigates the revival of Ni‘matull.h. Sufi order after the death of the last Indian Ni‘matull.h. master, Ri.. ‘Al. Sh.h (d. 1214/1799) in the Deccan. After the fall of Safavids, the revival movement of the Ni‘matull.h. order began with the arrival in Persia of the enthusiastic Indian Sufi master, Ma‘..m ‘Al. Sh.h, during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Later, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Persian masters of the Ni‘matull.h. Order were able to solidify the order’s place in the mystical and theological milieu of Persia. Ma‘..m ‘Al. Sh.h and his disciples soon spread their mystical and ecstatic beliefs all over Persia. They succeeded in converting a large mass of Persians to Sufi teachings, despite the opposition and persecution they faced from Shi‘ite clerics, who were politically and socially the most influential class in Persia. The book demonstrates that .usayn ‘Al. Sh.h, Majdh.b ‘Al. Sh.h, and Mast ‘Al. Sh.h were able to consolidate the social and theological role of the Ni‘matull.h. order by reinterpreting and articulating classical Sufi teachings in the light of Persian Shi.‘ite mystical theology. "m