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This open access book is a collection of research papers on COVID-19 by Germán Velásquez from 2020 and early 2021 that help to answer the question: How can an agency like the World Health Organization (WHO) be given a stronger voice to exercise authority and leadership? The considerable health, economic and social challenges that the world faced at the beginning of 2020 with COVID-19 continued and worsened in many parts of the world in the second-half of 2020 and into 2021. Many of these countries and nations wanted to explore COVID-19 on their own, sometimes without listening to the main international health bodies such as WHO, an agency of the United Nations system with long-standing experience and vast knowledge at the global level and of which all countries in the world are members. In this single volume, the chapters present the progress of thinking and debate — particularly in relation to drugs and vaccines — that wouldenable a response to the COVID-19 pandemic or to subsequent crises that may arise. Among the topics covered:COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and EconomicsMedicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global StrategyRe-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-19Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 ShockIntellectual Property and Access to Medicines and VaccinesThe World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19Vaccines, Medicines and COVID-19: How Can WHO Be Given a Stronger Voice? is essential reading for negotiators from the 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO); World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) staff participating in these negotiations; academics and students of public health, medicine, health sciences, law, sociology and political science; and intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations that follow the issue of access to treatments and vaccines for COVID-19.

Chapter 1 COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Development of the COVID-19 Vaccine1

1.3 Two Key Issues: Immunity and Contagion2

1.4 Vaccine Nationalism2

1.5 The COVAX Mechanism3

1.6 Compulsory Licensing3

1.7 Access to Medicines and Vaccines: A New Player3

References..........................................................................................................#

Chapter 2 Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy7

2.1 Introduction7

2.2 The Background of the IGWG Negotiations9

2.3 The IGWG Stakeholders11

2.4 The IGWG Process12

2.4.1 The First Meeting in Geneva: 4-8 December 200612

2.4.2 Regional Consultations13

2.4.3 Second Meeting, 5-10 November 200715

2.4.4 Continuation of the Second Meeting of the IGWG: 28 April to 3 May 200815

2.4.5 Sixty-First World Health Assembly, 24 May 200815

2.5 The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property17

2.5.1 Main Elements of the 2008 Global Strategy17

2.5.2 Additional Mandates of the 2008 Global Strategy17

2.5.3 Progress in the Implementation of the GSPOA18

2.5.4 The Collaboration of the WHO with other International Organisations19

2.6 The WHO Consultative Expert Working Group20

2.6.1 A Binding International Convention20

2.6.2 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control21

2.7 The Evaluation of the GSPOA22

2.8 The Report of the United Nations Secretary-General''s High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines23

2.9 The Roadmap on Access to Medicines25

2.9.1 Background25

2.9.2 Regulatory Systems Strengthening26

2.9.3 Health Research and Development26

2.9.4 Intellectual Property27

2.10 Resolution on "Improving the Transparency of Markets for Medicines, Vaccines and other Health-Related Technologies"27

2.11 Access to Biotherapeutic Products Including Similar Biotherapeutic Products29

2.12 Conclusions30

References31

Chapter 3 Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-1933

3.1 Introduction33

3.2 Background: The View of UN Agencies on Pharmaceutical Production in Developing Countries34

3.3 COVID-19 "Vaccine Nationalism"37

3.4 COVID-19 Global Vaccine Access Facility (COVAX Facility)42

3.5 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board44

3.6 A COVID-19 Technology Sharing Platform: A Recent UN Initiative46

3.7 Concluding Remarks46

References47

Chapter 4 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock53

4.1 Introduction53

4.2 Background of the Debate on the R&D Model54

4.3 Problems of the R&D Model for Pharmaceutical Products56

4.3.1 Lack of Transparency of R&D Costs56

4.3.2 Pharmaceutical Innovation Has Significantly Decreased57

4.3.3 High Prices Restrict Access57

4.3.4 Fragmentation and Lack of Coordination58

4.3.5 Waste and Overlap59

4.4 A Binding International Convention59

4.4.1 Objective and Scope60

4.4.2 Possible Main Components60

4.5 The Need to Act Fast61

4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations62

References.................

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Vaccines, Medicines and COVID-19 : How Can WHO Be Given a Stronger Voice?

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