Writer and Occasion in Twelfth-Century Byzantium : The Authorial Voice of Constantine Manasses

This is the first comprehensive study of occasional writing in Byzantium, focusing on the literary output of Constantine Manasses. It argues that, although such works were commissioned by wealthy 'friends' to mark specific events, he and his fellow writers succeeded in developing a strong and individual authorial presence within them.

In twelfth-century Constantinople, writers worked on commission for the imperial family or aristocratic patrons. Texts were occasioned by specific events, representing both a link between writer and patron and between literary imagination and empirical reality. This is a study of how one such writer, Constantine Manasses, achieved that aim. Manasses depicted and praised the present by drawing from the rich sources of the Graeco-Roman and Biblical tradition, thus earning commissions from wealthy ''friends'' during a career that spanned more than three decades. While the occasional literature of writers like Manasses has sometimes been seen as ''empty rhetoric'', devoid of literary ambition, this study assumes that writing on command privileges originality and encourages the challenging of conventions. A society like twelfth-century Byzantium, in which occasional writing was central, called for a strong and individual authorial presence, since voice was the primary instrument for a successful career.